Wilma: Rosy, what’s this AV1 codec I keep hearing about?  
Rosy: AV1 is a modern video codec designed to compress videos really efficiently while keeping great quality.  
Wilma: So, it’s just like H.264 or H.265?  
Rosy: Similar idea, but AV1 is free to use—no royalties—and it often provides better compression, meaning smaller file sizes with the same or better quality.  
Wilma: That sounds amazing! Is there a catch?  
Rosy: The downside is it’s more demanding to encode and decode, so older devices or weaker PCs might struggle with it.  
Wilma: Then why is it used for 2160p content?  
Rosy: Because 2160p files are huge, and AV1’s compression makes them much smaller while still keeping that stunning quality. It’s perfect for streaming or storing 4K content efficiently.  
Wilma: So, it’s great for high-quality videos but not always practical for older systems?  
Rosy: Exactly! If your device can handle it, AV1 is the best choice for 4K and beyond.  




____________________________________________________________

Encoding

FFmetrics
10 min → VMAF 98.44


Handbrake 1.8.2 (2024081000)
Video.svt-av1 10 bit fast decode Preset 5 2-pass vbr 6068 kbps targeting 8000mb
Audio.7.1 opus 512 kbps
____________________________________________________________

File

Dune.Part.Two.2024.bluray.hdr.2160p.av1.7.1.opus.vmaf98-Rosy

Video: AV01 3840x2160 23.976fps [V: av1 main, yuv420p10le, 3840x2160 [default]]
Audio: Opus 48000Hz 8ch 12288kbps [A: TrueHD Atmos 7.1 [eng] (opus, 48000 Hz, 7.1) [default]]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: English [eng] (ass)]
Subtitle [S: English (SDH) [eng] (pgs)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Bulgarian [bul] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Chinese (Cantonese) [chi] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Chinese (Traditional) [chi] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Czech [cze] (ass)]
Subtitle [S: Danish [dan] (pgs)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Dutch [dut] (ass)]
Subtitle [S: Finnish [fin] (pgs)]
Subtitle [S: French (Parisian) [fre] (pgs)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: German (SDH) [ger] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Greek [gre] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Hebrew [heb] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Hungarian [hun] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Indonesian [ind] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Italian (SDH) [ita] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Japanese [jpn] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Korean [kor] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Latvian [lav] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Lithuanian [lit] (ass)]
Subtitle [S: Norwegian [nor] (pgs)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Polish [pol] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Portuguese (Brazilian) [por] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Portuguese (Iberian) [por] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Russian [rus] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Slovak [slo] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Slovenian [slv] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Spanish (Castilian) [spa] (ass)]
Subtitle [S: Spanish (Latin American) [spa] (pgs)]
Subtitle [S: Swedish [swe] (pgs)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Thai [tha] (ass)]
Subtitle: Advanced SubStation Alpha [S: Turkish [tur] (ass)]
Subtitle [S: Forced Subtitles (auto)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: No subtitles]

General
Unique ID                      : 74516134692184579147492170052140957537 (0x380F491778352810BD0B6C92013E7F61)
Complete name                  : Dune.Part.Two.2024.bluray.hdr.2160p.av1.7.1.opus.vmaf98-Rosy.mkv
Format                         : Matroska
Format version                 : Version 4
File size                      : 7.57 GiB
Duration                       : 2 h 45 min
Overall bit rate               : 6 536 kb/s
Frame rate                     : 23.976 FPS
Movie name                     : Dune.Part.Two.2024.bluray.hdr.2160p.av1.7.1.opus.vmaf98-Rosy
Encoded date                   : 2024-11-25 15:02:24 UTC
Writing application            : mkvmerge v88.0 ('All I Know') 64-bit
Writing library                : libebml v1.4.5 + libmatroska v1.7.1
Cover                          : Yes
Attachments                    : cover.jpg

Video
ID                             : 1
Format                         : AV1
Format/Info                    : AOMedia Video 1
Format profile                 : Main@L5.0
HDR format                     : Dolby Vision, Version 1.0, Profile 10.1, dav1.10.08, BL+RPU, no metadata compression, HDR10 compatible / SMPTE ST 2086, Version HDR10, HDR10 compatible / SMPTE ST 2086, Version HDR10, HDR10 compatible
Codec ID                       : V_AV1
Duration                       : 2 h 45 min
Bit rate                       : 6 089 kb/s
Width                          : 3 840 pixels
Height                         : 2 160 pixels
Display aspect ratio           : 16:9
Frame rate mode                : Constant
Frame rate                     : 23.976 (24000/1001) FPS
Color space                    : YUV
Chroma subsampling             : 4:2:0 (Type 2)
Bit depth                      : 10 bits
Bits/(Pixel*Frame)             : 0.031
Stream size                    : 7.05 GiB (93%)
Default                        : Yes
Forced                         : No
Color range                    : Limited
Color primaries                : BT.2020
Transfer characteristics       : PQ
Matrix coefficients            : BT.2020 non-constant
Mastering display color primar : Display P3
Mastering display luminance    : min: 0.0001 cd/m2, max: 1000 cd/m2
Maximum Content Light Level    : 763
MaxCLL_Original                : 763 cd/m2
Maximum Frame-Average Light Le : 218
MaxFALL_Original               : 218 cd/m2

Audio
ID                             : 2
Format                         : Opus
Codec ID                       : A_OPUS
Duration                       : 2 h 45 min
Bit rate                       : 402 kb/s
Channel(s)                     : 8 channels
Channel layout                 : L R C Ls Rs Lb Rb LFE
Sampling rate                  : 48.0 kHz
Frame rate                     : 50.000 FPS (960 SPF)
Compression mode               : Lossy
Stream size                    : 477 MiB (6%)
Title                          : TrueHD Atmos 7.1
Language                       : English
Default                        : Yes
Forced                         : No
____________________________________________________________

Source

Dune.Part.Two.2024.UHD.BluRay.2160p.TrueHD.Atmos.7.1.DV.HEVC.REMUX-FraMeSToR.mkv

Video: HVC1 3840x2160 23.976fps [V: hevc main 10 L5.1, yuv420p10le, 3840x2160 [default]]
Audio: TrueHD 48000Hz 8ch 9216kbps [A: TrueHD Atmos 7.1 [eng] (truehd atmos, 48000 Hz, 7.1, s24) [default]]
Audio: DD+ 48000Hz 6ch 768kbps [A: E-AC-3 Atmos 5.1 [eng] (eac3 atmos, 48000 Hz, 5.1(side), 768 kb/s)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: English [eng] (subrip)]
Subtitle [S: English (SDH) [eng] (pgs) [hearing impaired]]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Bulgarian [bul] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Chinese (Cantonese) [chi] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Chinese (Traditional) [chi] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Czech [cze] (subrip)]
Subtitle [S: Danish [dan] (pgs)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Dutch [dut] (subrip)]
Subtitle [S: Finnish [fin] (pgs)]
Subtitle [S: French (Parisian) [fre] (pgs)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: German (SDH) [ger] (subrip) [hearing impaired]]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Greek [gre] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Hebrew [heb] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Hungarian [hun] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Indonesian [ind] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Italian (SDH) [ita] (subrip) [hearing impaired]]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Japanese [jpn] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Korean [kor] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Latvian [lav] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Lithuanian [lit] (subrip)]
Subtitle [S: Norwegian [nor] (pgs)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Polish [pol] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Portuguese (Brazilian) [por] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Portuguese (Iberian) [por] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Russian [rus] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Slovak [slo] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Slovenian [slv] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Spanish (Castilian) [spa] (subrip)]
Subtitle [S: Spanish (Latin American) [spa] (pgs)]
Subtitle [S: Swedish [swe] (pgs)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Thai [tha] (subrip)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: Turkish [tur] (subrip)]
Subtitle [S: Forced Subtitles (auto)]
Subtitle: UTF-8 [S: No subtitles]

General
Unique ID                      : 188020016649026922063885729769260160899 (0x8D73568888E48D1DAB7C4518C7999783)
Complete name                  : Dune.Part.Two.2024.UHD.BluRay.2160p.TrueHD.Atmos.7.1.DV.HEVC.REMUX-FraMeSToR.mkv
Format                         : Matroska
Format version                 : Version 4
File size                      : 64.3 GiB
Duration                       : 2 h 45 min
Overall bit rate mode          : Variable
Overall bit rate               : 55.5 Mb/s
Frame rate                     : 23.976 FPS
Movie name                     : Dune: Part Two (2024) 4K
Encoded date                   : 2024-05-07 03:27:12 UTC
Writing application            : mkvmerge v84.0 ('Sleeper') 64-bit
Writing library                : libebml v1.4.5 + libmatroska v1.7.1
IMDB                           : tt15239678
TMDB                           : movie/693134

Video
ID                             : 1
ID in the original source medi : 4113 (0x1011)
Format                         : HEVC
Format/Info                    : High Efficiency Video Coding
Format profile                 : Main 10@L5.1@High
HDR format                     : Dolby Vision, Version 1.0, Profile 7.6, dvhe.07.06, BL+EL+RPU, no metadata compression, Blu-ray compatible / SMPTE ST 2086, Version HDR10, HDR10 compatible
Codec ID                       : V_MPEGH/ISO/HEVC
Duration                       : 2 h 45 min
Bit rate                       : 51.3 Mb/s
Width                          : 3 840 pixels
Height                         : 2 160 pixels
Display aspect ratio           : 16:9
Frame rate mode                : Constant
Frame rate                     : 23.976 (24000/1001) FPS
Color space                    : YUV
Chroma subsampling             : 4:2:0 (Type 2)
Bit depth                      : 10 bits
Bits/(Pixel*Frame)             : 0.258
Stream size                    : 59.4 GiB (92%)
Default                        : Yes
Forced                         : No
Color range                    : Limited
Color primaries                : BT.2020
Transfer characteristics       : PQ
Matrix coefficients            : BT.2020 non-constant
Mastering display color primar : Display P3
Mastering display luminance    : min: 0.0001 cd/m2, max: 1000 cd/m2
Maximum Content Light Level    : 763 cd/m2
Maximum Frame-Average Light Le : 218 cd/m2
Original source medium         : Blu-ray

Audio #1
ID                             : 2
Format                         : MLP FBA 16-ch
Format/Info                    : Meridian Lossless Packing FBA with 16-channel presentation
Commercial name                : Dolby TrueHD with Dolby Atmos
Codec ID                       : A_TRUEHD
Duration                       : 2 h 45 min
Bit rate mode                  : Variable
Bit rate                       : 3 257 kb/s
Maximum bit rate               : 5 547 kb/s
Channel(s)                     : 8 channels
Channel layout                 : L R C LFE Ls Rs Lb Rb
Sampling rate                  : 48.0 kHz
Frame rate                     : 1 200.000 FPS (40 SPF)
Compression mode               : Lossless
Stream size                    : 3.77 GiB (6%)
Title                          : TrueHD Atmos 7.1
Language                       : English
Default                        : Yes
Forced                         : No
Number of dynamic objects      : 11
Bed channel count              : 1 channel
Bed channel configuration      : LFE
____________________________________________________________

Tools

Ab-av1
FFBitrateViewer
FFmpeg
FFmetrics
Freefilesync
Handbrake
Jackett
Mediainfo
Mkvtoolknix
Qbittorent
Scenerulez
Shutterencoder
VVV-virtualvolumeview
Xnconvert
Xnview mp

===================== AV1 guide v14 ========================

Step 1 - Check VMAF with Ab-av1

 1. AV1
   Source resolution → crf-search -i "c:\file.mkv" --pix-format yuv420p10le --svt fast-decode=1 --svt tune=0 --preset 5 --min-samples 20 --min-vmaf 98
   1080p Downscale   → crf-search -i "c:\file.mkv" --pix-format yuv420p10le --svt fast-decode=1 --svt tune=0 --preset 5 --min-samples 20 --min-vmaf 96 --vfilter "scale=-1:1080"
   720p Downscale    → crf-search -i "c:\file.mkv" --pix-format yuv420p10le --svt fast-decode=1 --svt tune=0 --preset 5 --min-samples 20 --min-vmaf 96 --vfilter "scale=-1:720"  
   Sample encode     → sample-encode -i "c:\file.mkv" --pix-format yuv420p10le --svt fast-decode=1 --svt tune=0 --preset 5 --min-samples 20 --crf 20  

 2. x265
   Source resolution → crf-search -i "c:\file.mkv" --encoder libx265 --pix-format yuv420p10le --preset medium --min-samples 20 --enc x265-params=fastdecode=1 --min-vmaf 98
   1080p Downscale   → crf-search -i "c:\file.mkv" --encoder libx265 --pix-format yuv420p10le --preset medium --min-samples 20 --enc x265-params=fastdecode=1 --min-vmaf 96 --vfilter "scale=-1:1080"
   720p Downscale    → crf-search -i "c:\file.mkv" --encoder libx265 --pix-format yuv420p10le --preset medium --min-samples 20 --enc x265-params=fastdecode=1 --min-vmaf 96 --vfilter "scale=-1:720"
____________________________________________________________

Step 2 - HandBrake

Summary:
- Container: MKV

Dimensions:
- Cropping: None
- Anamorphic: None
- Borders: None

Video:
- Encoder: AV1 (10-bit SVT)
- Framerate: Same as source
- Preset: 5
- Fast Decode: ✓
- Encoder Profile: Main
- Encoder Level: Auto
- Quality: CRF determined from "ab-av1"(1), or crf 20-25

Audio:
- DTS to Opus Conversion:
 - DTS 7.1 → Opus @ 512 kbps
 - DTS 5.1 → Opus @ 384 kbps
 - DTS 2.0 → Opus @ 128 kbps
*When passtrough? lossy codec(opus,aac, ac3, eac3,wma) 768-128 kbps
____________________________________________________________

Step 3 - Subtitles

- Original → passtrough
- Subtitle Translator
- Whisper OpenAI
- Opensubtitles
- Subtitlecat
*If size is an issue don`t use pgs, prefer ass/srt.

Whisperai large-v3 2024 (prompts)

!pip install git+https://github.com/openai/whisper.git
!sudo apt update && sudo apt install ffmpeg

!whisper "audio.aac" --model large-v3 --language Japanese --task translate

____________________________________________________________

References

1. Dolby, 2023. What are Dolby Vision profiles and levels? [Online]
2. Ozer, J., 2017. Video Encoding by the Numbers: Eliminate the Guesswork from your Streaming Video. Doceo Publishing.
3. Sayood, K., 2017. Introduction to Data Compression. 5th Edition.
4. Ozer, J., 2021. What is CBR, VBR, CRF, Capped-CRF? Rate Control Modes Explained.
5. Rassool, Reza. VMAF Reproducibility: Validating a Perceptual Practical Video Quality Metric.
6. Kah, A. e al. Fundamental relationships between subjective quality, user acceptance, and the VMAF metric for a quality-based bit rate ladder design for over-the-top video streaming services.
7. Boldrin, M. 2008. Against Intellectual Monopoly.