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This book introduces the novel and rapidly developing field of 4D printing. The concept of 4D printing of composites extends 3D printing by adding the dimension of a transformation over time. With applications in engineering structures such as aircraft, automobile, wind turbine, sport equipment, this technique introduces programmable matter that can change conformation in contact with humidity, temperature and other external factors.
Extension of the concept of 3D printing and an introduction to new technique of 4D printing of polymer composite matrices.
Written by an expert in the field of composites.
Introduction to composite materials, laminate theory, and extended laminate theory
Differences between regular 4D printing (4DP) and 4D printing of composites (4DPC)
Procedure for 4D printing of composites
Nonlinear aspects of the shape transformation of composite structures made by 4D printing of composites
U-structures
C-structures
A-structures
Expansion of design space