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Volume 1 introduced the physics of laser-plasma interactions. There, the discussion assumed of a fully ionized plasma. The laser energy absorbed by the material is converted into random kinetic energy of electrons. In other words, it is the thermal energy of the electron population. Ions gain energy through inelastic Coulomb collisions with electrons. This is the physical mechanism of temperature relaxation. If the laser intensity is sufficiently non-relativistic, the velocity distribution of the produced electrons and ions can be approximated as being in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In this case, the macroscopic behavior of the electron and ion groups can be treated by the fluid model. Fluid models are widely used to study plasma phenomena over long periods of time and over a wide spatial range. Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations, cited many times in Volume 1, are now widely used to study the microscopic physics of laser-matter interactions, thanks to rapid advances in computer performance. However, the number of particles is still too large to study the whole picture of the plasma, and it is still difficult to follow the entire physical process with a computer. Therefore, fluid models with less degrees of freedom have been widely used to study the physics of plasmas in the laboratory, in space, and in the universe.
In Volume 2, several plasma fluid equations are presented. We explain under what assumptions they were derived. The reader should choose with deep thought which equations are the simplest and good enough approximations for his or her research topic. Do not think about solving the fluid equations in the most precisevii
form. How simple and close to the truth the equations should be to start with will be a test of the reader’s sense of physics. Rather, it is extremely difficult to find the necessary and sufficient basic equations and study the problem from the beginning. As you proceed with your research, please try to pursue the truth by simplifying the basic equations and then complicating them. viiiPrefaceSpecifically, as introduced in this book, starting from the two-fluid plasma model of electrons and ions, a variety of physics and its mathematics will be introduced for the following subjects. Magnetohydrodynamics, thermodynamics of shock waves and non-ideal dense plasmas, self-similarity solutions of nonlinear fluids, atomic processes such as ionization and recombination, non-local electron heat transport, X-ray energy transport and atomic physics, physics of quantum mechanical many-electron states in dense plasmas, and its comparison with experiments.
Introduction
Basic Properties of Plasma in Fluid Model
Shock Waves and Ablation Dynamics
Self-Similar Solutions of Compressible Fluids
Atomic Process in Plasmas
Non-local Transport of Electrons in Plasmas
Opacity and Radiation Transport
Theoretical Model of Dense Plasmas
Physical of Warm Dense Matters