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The Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture (DIPA) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has planned to bring out a series of publications under its new ‘Agri-Popular Series’ initiatives. The competent authorities of ICAR have requested the undersigned to write a book on ‘Citrus Fruits’, under this popular series. Presumably such publications are aimed for addressing the long felt demand of extension workers, developmental agencies, farmers and agrientrepreneurs. It is indeed a laudable initiative of the ICAR. I am thankful to the Secretary, DARE and Director-General, ICAR, for giving me the opportunity to write the book on citrus.
Citrus fruits as a group are the third most important fruit crops in India. At the global level also citrus production and consumption witnessed a strong growth since mid-1980s, when productions of mandarin orange, sweet orange and acid limes, and lemons have expanded very rapidly. Citrus as fresh fruit and citrus juices as refreshing beverage have large demand globally. Recent estimates show that India has already crossed the 5 million tonnes production mark in 2005.
The R&ampD programmes in citriculture have received good support and thanks to the efforts of research groups in ICAR institutions and SAUs, very useful technologies have been generated. In this book, proven technologies have largely been compiled for the end-users. The book has 10 broad chapters, with major focus on genetic resources, production and post-production technologies, management of citrus decline, valueaddition and marketing of produce, export promotion, R&ampD and credit support, and on future developmental approach for marking a sound citrus industry in the country.
In this book, published information has been freely used. Some information has been collected from electronic media/website, the sources of which have duly been acknowledged. I would like to record my special thanks to the Director and Scientists of the National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur, for providing required technical information and photographs. I hope that the information contained in this publication will benefit the citrus growers, citrus processors, various developmental agencies and other stakeholders involved in the promotion of the Citrus Industry in India.
Citrus Industry in India
Citrus Fruits and Uses
Global Production and Indian Scenario
Citrus Cultivation and Production Problems in India
New Thrusts in Indian Citrus Industry
Genetic Resources of Citrus
Indigenous Germplasm
Germplasm Conservation
Some Useful Characteristics of Local Germplasm
Major Citrus Species of Horticultural Importance
Basics of Citriculture and Production Technology
Soil and Climate
Site Selection
Propagation
Planting
Irrigation
Nutrition and Fertilization
Intercropping
Pest and Disease Management
Development of Extension Package for Citrus
Management of Citrus Decline in India
Citrus Decline Symptoms
Research on Citrus Decline in India
Citrus Decline Management
Rejuvenation of Declined Citrus Orchards
Post-harvest Management of Citrus
Orchard Health and Pre-harvest Practices
Maturity Index and Fruit Development Periods
Methods of Harvesting
Degreening
Machanized Handling of Fruits
Packaging
Control of Post-harvest Diseases
Pre-cooling and Cool Storage of Citrus Fruits
Low-cost Storage (Zero Energy Cool Chamber)
Long Distance Transportation
Citrus Fruits
Citrus Processing and Value-added Products
Processed Products from Sweet Group Citrus
Processed Products from Acid Group Citrus
Debittering of Citrus Juice
Quality Assurance of Processed Products
Marketing of Citrus Fruits
Mandarin Orange
Acid Lime
Export of Citrus Fruits
Present Status
Quality Standards
Pesticide Residue Limits
Pre- and Post-harvest Management for Export
Research, Training and Credit Support
R&ampD Centres
Training Facility
Credit Support for Production
Future Outlook and Developmental Approach
Assumptions and Future Outlook
Potential and Developmental Approach
Mandarin Orange
Sweet Orange
Limes and Lemons
References