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During the past few years, significant progress has been made in 4D printing by researchers in top institutions and laboratories worldwide, combining advances in 3D printing of dynamic structures with stimuli-responsive materials, known as smart materials, to create additively manufactured smart structures. However, 4D printing technology is only in the early stages of research and development, so industries will probably learn more about it in the coming years. With the Fourth Industrial Revolu tion well underway, industries that take advantage of its unprecedented possibilities will undoubtedly have an economic advantage. With this knowledge, institutions, researchers, and students investing in 4D printing technology are the ones with radical potential.
Preface
1 4D printing principles and manufacturing
2 4D-printed dielectric elastomer soft robots: Modeling and fabrications
3 4D-printed light-responsive structures
4 4D-printed low-voltage electroactive polymers modeling and fabrication
5 4D-printed stimuli-responsive hydrogels modeling and fabrication
6 4D bioprinting: Fabrication approaches and biomedical applications
7 4D Microprinting
8 4D printing of gels and soft materials
9 4D printing of natural fiber composite
10 Functionalized 4D-printed sensor systems
11 Origami-inspired 4D printing
12 Reversible 4D printing
13 Roadmapping 4D printing through disruptive ideas