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Energy storage is key to integrating renewable power. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store power in the magnetic field in a superconducting coil. Once the coil is charged, the current will not stop and the energy can in theory be stored indefinitely. This technology avoids the need for lithium for batteries. The round-trip efficiency can be greater than 95%, but energy is needed for the cooling of the superconducting coil, and the material is expensive. So far, SMES systems are primarily used for improving power quality through short time storage, but further applications are being researched.
This concise treatise for researchers, including PhD students, involved with energy storage research at universities and in industry, experts at utilities and grid operators, as well as advanced students provides a hands-on overview of SMES technology. Chapters cover principles, control, power quality and transient stability enhancement, load frequency control, dynamic performance, use of AI with SMES, and cybersecurity case studies underpin the coverage.
A cyberattack is an action that undermines the security of computer systems and networks for malicious purposes. Cybersecurity of the power grid is a matter of great concern for governments, system designers, and management throughout the universe. Because of the increasing number of cyberattacks, the power grid is becoming more and more vulnerable, and the performance of the power grid is deteriorating. On the other hand, the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) plays a very important role in enhancing the dynamic performance of the power grid, improving the voltage sag, voltage swell situations, and supporting the load during unbalanced situations. The voltage source converter (VSC) of the SMES plays the role of energy interface between the SMES and the power grid.
The SMES also employ inverters for attaining proper voltage levels. However, due to the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) with cloud and edge computing supports and for intelligent maintenance, the VSCs and inverters in the power grid are advancing toward the smart VSCs and smart inverters (SIs). SIs of the grid- tied power electronic interfaces provide cloud computing, condition monitoring, result visualization, remote control, and peer- to- peer (P2P) energy trading in advanced power systems. However, the advent of data injection attacks in the communication architecture can alter the measurement characteristics of power grids and have devastating consequences. Cyberattacks targeting the VSCs and inverters of the SMES impose new security and safety risks, specifically, maliciously intending to damage and disable the SMES. This chapter first discusses the cybersecurity issues in the power grid. Then how cyberattacks can take place in the SMES has been discussed