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Electric power systems have become much more complex in the past years, owed to distributed generation and the intermittency of renewables. This complexity makes power systems potentially more vulnerable. However, use of information technology also helps in detecting errors and problems, and in preventing and correcting them.
Mathematical background to protection algorithms
Basic elements of digital protection
Sinusoidal wave-based algorithms
Fourier analysis, Walsh function-based, and S-transform techniques
Least squares-based methods
Differential equation-based techniques
Fundamentals of TW-based protection
TW protective schemes
Digital differential protection of transformers
Digital line differential protection
Comparison between digital protection algorithms
Protection of distribution networks with distributed generation including renewables