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The book discusses in detail the phenomena of pre-equilibrium emission in statistical nuclear reactions. Nuclear reactions at moderate energies are mostly binary in nature and the reaction process is generally explained by Bohr’s compound nucleus (CN) reaction mechanism. At energies where a large number of overlapping levels are populated in the compound nucleus, a statistical approach is used to describe the reaction process. Bohr’s CN reaction mechanism is based on the assumption that the projectile ion fuses with the target nucleus forming a compound nucleus which remains until a thermodynamic equilibrium is established in the compound system. After the establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium, the CN may decay through energetically possible channels. In an average nucleus, establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium may take times of the order of 10−16 s. Bohr’s theory does not provide any reason for the stability of the CN during the process of equilibration, for a time which is order of magnitudes larger than the typical nuclear interaction time scale of the order of 10−21 s. During the last three decades or so, considerable experimental evidence has been gathered that indicates that nuclear particle or small cluster emission do occur during the process of equilibration. The component of emitted particles during equilibration is termed as pre-equilibrium or pre-compound emission. Many groups of experimentalists all over the world, including our own group, carried out complementary and focussed experiments on pre-equilibrium emission to determine its strength and other characteristics. In the meantime, a few semi-classical and quantum mechanical theories for pre-equilibrium emission have been developed. In the present scenario of the availability of a considerable amount of experimental data and theories of the reaction process, it is required to critically evaluate both the experimental data and theories to draw important conclusions about the process. This book/monograph is an attempt to put together both, experimental measurements and theoretical model-based computer codes with a view to analyse the existing data.
Introduction to the history of nuclear reactions and motivation for this book
Characteristics of binary nuclear reactions
Theoretical formulation of compound and pre-compound emission
Models for pre-equilibrium emission
Experimental measurements
Data analysis, parameterisation of pre-equilibrium fraction