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Heat is a branch of thermodynamics that occupies a unique position due to its involvement in the field of practice. Being linked to the management, transport and exchange of energy in thermal form, it impacts all aspects of human life and activity. Heat transfers are, by nature, classified as conduction, convection (which inserts conduction into fluid mechanics) and radiation. The importance of these three transfer methods has resulted – justifiably – in a separate volume being afforded to each of them, with the subject of convection split into two volumes.
This third volume is dedicated to convection, more specifically, the foundations of convective transfers. Various angles are considered to cover this topic, including empirical relationships and analytically approaching boundary layers, including the integral methods and numerical approaches. The problem of heat exchangers is presented, without aiming to be an exhaustive treatise. Heat Transfer 3 combines a basic approach with a deeper understanding of the discipline and will therefore appeal to a wide audience, from technician to engineer, from doctoral student to teacher-researcher.
Preface
Introduction
List of Notations
General Notions
General notions
Forced convection, natural convection
The calculation of heat transfer
Convection coefficient
The program of our study
Empirical Approaches
Introduction
The dimensionless numbers (or dimensionless criteria) of convection
The interest of the dimensionless representation is, at first sight,
Vaschy–Buckingham theorem
Definition and significance of the dimensionless criteria of fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Calculation of convection coefficients: external convection
Case of a flat plate at constant temperature
External convection on an obstacle: case of a tube outside a flow
Internal convection
Convection in a tube
Forced convection between two plates
Natural convection
Let us recall useful dimensionless numbers
Nusselt calculation
Use of “standard” formulas
Some examples of applications
The Boundary Layer
Introduction
The notion of a boundary layer
Boundary layer characteristics
The boundary layers can be approached by different methods
The external boundary layers: analytical treatment
The laminar boundary layer developed by a flat plate in a uniform flow
The turbulent boundary layer
Problem of scale
Applications of the boundary layer theory
External boundary layers: integral methods
Principle of the integral method
Integral methods for an external boundary layer on a flat plate, in Cartesian coordinates
Heat Exchangers
Introduction and basic concepts
Classification test
Method of calculation of exchangers
Types of exchangers
Logarithmic mean temperature difference method (DTLM)
Number of transfer units method (NUT method)
Appendices
Physical Properties of Common Fluids
Physical Properties of Common Solids
Thermodynamic Properties of Water Vapor
The General Equations of Fluid Mechanics
The Dynamic and Thermal Laminar Boundary Layer
Table of Functions: erf (x) erfc(x) and ierfc(x)
References
Index