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Computer engineering is a vast field spanning many aspects of hardware and software thus, it is difficult to cover it in a single book. It is also rapidly changing requiring constant updating as some aspects of it may become obsolete. In this book, we attempt to capture the long lasting fundamentals as well as the new trends, directions, and developments. This book could easily fill thousands of pages. We are aware that some areas were not given sufficient attention and some others were not covered at all. We plan to cover these missing parts as well as more specialized topics in more details with new books under the computer engineering series and new editions of the current book. We believe that the areas covered by this new edition are covered very well because they are written by specialists, recognized as leading experts in their fields.
This book contains five sections. First, we start with the fabrication and technology that have been a driving factor for the electronic industry. No sector of the industry has experienced such tremendous growth and advances as the semiconductor industry did in the past 30 years. This progress has surpassed what we thought to be possible, and limits that were once thought of as fundamental were broken several times. This is best seen in the development of semiconductor memories, described in Section II. When the first 256-kbit DRAM chips were introduced, the ‘‘alpha particle scare’’ (the problem encountered with alpha particles discharging the memory cell) predicted that radiation effects would limit further scaling in dimensions of memory chips. Twenty years later, the industry was producing 256-Mbit DRAM chips—a thousand times improvement in density—and we see no limit to further scaling even at 4GB memory capacity. In fact, the memory capacity has been tripling every 2 years while the number of
transistors in the processor chip has been doubling every 2 years. Important design techniques are described in two separate sections. Section III addresses design techniques used to create modern computer systems. The most important design issues starting from timing and clocking, PLL and DLL design and ending with high-speed computer arithmetic and highfrequency design are described in this section. Section IV deals with power consumed by the system. Power consumption is becoming the most important issue as computers are starting to penetrate large consumer product markets, and in several cases low-power consumption is more important than the performance that the system can deliver. Finally, reliability and testability of computer systems are described in Section V