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Some background on wireless and RF circuits and systems is given in Chapter 1. Application of adaptivity to low-power and multistandard wireless RF circuits is then discussed. After the introductory chapter, basic definitions of receiver performance parameters are reviewed in Chapter 2, viz., gain, linearity and noise parameters. Chapter 3 discusses spectrum and signal transformation in various downconverter topologies. Mixer-oscillator models are then classified. Using the spectrum-signal presentation and the mixer-oscillator models, an all-encompassing analysis of a number of receiver
architectures and related phenomena is performed. A procedure to select noise and linearity specifications for receiver circuits is described in Chapter 4. An outline is given for the assigning of the noise and linearity performance parameters to receiver circuits. In addition, we derive conditions for the optimal dynamic range of a receiver, and for the equal noise and linearity improvements with respect to the performance requirements. Finally, some design tradeoffs between performance parameters in a single receiver circuit are described by means of a K-rail diagram. Chapter 5 introduces amplifier adaptivity models (i.e., adaptivity figures of merit). They give insight into how low-noise amplifiers can trade performance, such as noise figure, gain, and linearity, for power consumption. The performance trade-offs in adaptive low-noise amplifiers are discussed using amplifier K-rail diagrams. The application of adaptivity concepts to voltage-controlled oscillators is discussed in Chapter 6. The concepts of phase-noise tuning and frequency-transconductance tuning are first introduced. An adaptive phase-noise oscillator model is then derived. The adaptivity figures of merit are defined, viz., the phase-noise tuning range and frequency-transconductance sensitivity. Comprehensive performance characterization of oscillators by means of K-rail diagrams concludes this section. Numerous relationships and trade-offs between oscillator performance parameters, such as voltage swing, tank conductance, power consumption, phase noise, and loop gain, are qualitatively and quantitatively described. Furthermore, the oscillator adaptivity figures of merit are captured using K-rail diagrams. Adaptivity design proofs-of-concept are reviewed in Chapter 7. An 800MHz voltage-controlled oscillator design is presented with a phasenoise tuning range of 7dB and a factor of around three saving in power consumption. In addition, we discuss an adaptive multistandard/multimode voltage-controlled oscillator and a multi-mode quadrature downconverter in the context of the second- and third-generation standards, i.e., DCS1800, WCDMA, WLAN, Bluetooth and DECT. By trading RF performance for current consumption, the adaptive oscillator and the adaptive image-reject downconverter offer factors of 12 and 2 saving in power consumption, respectively, between the
demanding mode (e.g., DCS1800) and the relaxed mode (e.g., DECT) of operation