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The technology presented in this book has the intention of providing a reliable and efficient bridge between fluctuant ambient energy harvesting supplies and the rather regular but peaking energy demand profiles of small-scale sensor and actuator systems. The envisioned solution is an autonomous and self-sufficient sensor or actuator system that is to be installed and forgotten, i.e., free of maintenance or manual operation control. The developed power processing modules are developed as an efficient, compact, and low-cost solution. As such, integrated power management circuits are presented for autonomous supply of remotely operating portable and wireless sensors. The focused ambient energy harvesters are AC low-voltage sources, specifically electromagnetic vibration transducers. Besides the power conversion and energy extraction circuits, a major part is on innovative ultra-low voltage circuits and building blocks. These allow full operation at voltages as low as 0.5 V and up to 3.6 V—a key enabler for harvesting energy at various application conditions. Besides the design and characterization of four CMOS chip prototypes, the book introduces several inventions, models, and as well as circuit and systems. For instance, presented inventions are on a load-matching detector (for fully-analog online detection of the maximum power point), and a coupled active diode for pulse-width modulation at a lower power level. As energy harvesting is usually very application-specific, design rules are introduced and the limiting mechanisms of the operation ranges are analyzed. This is seen as important for the scaling, design modifications, and adaptation of the
presented subsystems. It makes it easy and attractive for designers to reuse and adapt the presented work, but may also help to improve their systems in regards of lowering power consumption substantially