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Committee for the Prevention of Disasters. Research performed by TNO - The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research. When the first edition of this ‘Yellow Book’ was issued, it contained calculation methods to be performed on pocket calculators. Although the second edition in 1988 presumed that personal computers would be available to perform the required calculations, only part of the report was updated. Today more powerful computers are generally available, thus enabling the use of more complex and more accurate computing models. This third edition is a complete revision by TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, Energy Research and Process Innovation. It is based on the use of these powerful PC’s and includes the application of proven computing models. Special attention is paid to provide adequate directions for performing calculations and for the coupling of models and calculation results.
The purpose of this guideline document is to describe emission estimation techniques for point sources in an organized manner and to provide concise example calculations to aid in the preparation of emission inventories. While emissions estimates are not provided, the information presented in this document may be used to select an emission estimation technique best suited to a particular application. This chapter describes the procedures and recommended approaches for estimating emissions from batch chemical manufacturing operations and is intended to assist industry as well as regulatory agency personnel. As EPA has indicated in this and other EIIP documents, the choice of methods to be used to estimate emissions depends on how the estimate will be used and the degree of accuracy required, and methods using site-specific data are preferred over other methods. Because this document provides non-binding guidance and is not a rule, EPA, the States, and others retain the discretion to employ or require other approaches that meet the specific requirements of the applicable regulations in individual circumstances. Section 2 of this chapter identifies some of the types of emission events in chemical manufacturing operations. Section 3 provides an overview of available emission estimation methods for these types of emission events, and section 4 provides an overview of emission estimation methods for emission streams that are routed to condensers or to vacuum devices in which water mixes with the emission stream (i.e., liquid ring vacuum pumps and vacuum steam jets). It should be noted that the use of site-specific emissions data is always preferred over the use of default values developed through use of industry emission averages. Section 5 provides an overview of considerations that should be used when assessing process vent emissions for basic process unit operations. Section 6 describes many of the underlying physical property relationships that are used in support of the basic models that are presented in earlier sections of this document. The techniques presented in this document represent significant advances over previous emissionestimating methods for chemical manufacturing processes. New methodologies are, however, continuously being developed and published by EPA for subsequent incorporation into national environmental policies and programs. The reader is thus encouraged to periodically check the Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) website (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief) to
learn about such new information and developments.
Chapter 1. General introduction Ir. C.J.H. van den Bosch, Dr. R.A.P.M. Weterings.
Chapter 2. Outflow and Spray release Ir. C.J.H. van den Bosch, Ir. N.J. Duijm.
Chapter 3. Pool evaporation Ir. C.J.H. van den Bosch.
Chapter 4. Vapour cloud dispersion Dr. E.A. Bakkum, Ir. N.J. Duijm.
Chapter 5. Vapour cloud explosion Ir. W.P.M. Mercx, Ir. A.C. van den Berg.
Chapter 6. Heat flux from fires dIr. W.F.J.M. Engelhard.
Chapter 7. Ruptures of vessels Mrs. Ir. J.C.A.M. van Doormaal, Ir. R.M.M. van Wees.
Chapter 8. Interfacing of models Ir. C.J.H. van den Bosch.
Annex Physical properties of chemicals Ir. C.J.H. van den Bosch