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The scaling of semiconductor process technologies has been continuing for more than four decades. Advancements in process technologies are the fuel that has been moving the semiconductor industry. In response to growing customer demand for applications that require integrated circuits with enhanced performance and functionality at reduced cost, a new process generation has been introduced by the semiconductor industry every two to
three years during the past forty years. The challenge for enhancing the performance and functionality of integrated circuits has traditionally been managing the greater design and manufacturing complexity and higher power consumption. As stressed throughout this book, the generation, distribution, and dissipation of power are at the forefront of current problems faced by integrated circuit designers. In order to continue the historical trend of reducing the unit cost of a circuit while simultaneously enhancing performance and functionality, radical changes are required in the manner in which integrated circuits are designed. Higher speed at all costs is no longer an option. Energy-efficient semiconductor devices, circuit techniques, and microarchitectures are necessary to maintain the pace of expansion that the semiconductor industry has enjoyed over the past forty years. Several important opportunities that exist for low power and reliable integrated circuit and system design are highlighted in this book. Design choices that can be made while scaling the supply and threshold voltages, in order to lower power consumption and enhance device reliability without degrading circuit speed, are described. Techniques for simultaneously achieving energy efficiency and high speed are presented