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This book is an introduction to the mechanical properties, the force generating capacity, and the sensitivity to mechanical cues of the biological system.
To understand how these qualities govern many essential biological processes, we also discuss how to measure them. However, before delving into the details and the techniques, we will first learn the operational definitions in mechanics, such as force, stress, elasticity, viscosity and so on. This book will explore the mechanics at three different length scales - molecular, cellular, and tissue levels - sequentially, and discuss the measurement techniques to quantify the intrinsic mechanical properties, force generating capacity, mechanoresponsive processes in the biological systems, and rupture forces.
Author biographies
Seungman Park
Yun Chen
Force, stress, and mechanical properties in biological systems
Overview
References
Mechanics primers and theoretical models for biomaterial characterization
Overview
Force
Stress
Parameters for mechanical properties
Basic rules of mechanics
Force equilibrium equations
Constitutive equations
Compatibility equations
Hyperelastic models
The Mooney–Rivlin model
The neo-Hooke model
The Ogden model
The Arruda–Boyce model
The Yeoh model
Viscoelastic model
The Maxwell model
The Kelvin–Voigt model
The Jeffreys three-element model
The Kelvin–Voigt four-element model
The Burgers model
The Prony model
The dynamic mechanical model
The poroelastic model
References
Important forces at the molecular level and how to measure them
Overview
Force generated by motor proteins
Myosin
Kinesin
Dynein
Forces generated by actin polymerization
Forces generated by microtubule polymerization
Force required for breaking intermolecular bonds
Torque
Supercoiling in DNA
Rotational energy during ATP synthesis
Force and torque measurement techniques at the molecular level
Optical tweezers
Atomic force microscopy
Molecular springs for tension measurement
DNA-based tension sensors
Centrifugal forces for bond strength measurement
Magnetic tweezers for torque measurement
References
Important forces at the cellular level and how to measure them
Overview
Force generation, transmission, and sensing at the cellular level
Focal adhesion
Adherens junctions
Cilia and flagella
Skeletal myofibers, cardiomyocytes, and smooth muscle cells
Cancer metastasis
Mechanosensitive gene expression
Mechanical properties of the cell
The whole cell
Nucleus
Force and mechanical property measurements
Magnetic tweezers
Microfluidics for mechanical property measurement
Micropipette aspiration
Microbead-based traction force microscopy
Micropillar-based traction force microscopy
Cell stretcher to probe cellular responses to tensional changes
References
Important forces at the tissue level and how to measure them
Overview
Principles of force generation and coordination at the tissue level
Cardiac tissue
Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract
Mechanoresponsive processes at the tissue level
Force, stress, and mechanical property measurement techniques at the tissue level
Tensile stretching
Compression
Magnetic tweezers
Atomic force microscopy
Inflation/bulge tests
Magnetic resonance elastography
Tissue gauge and other post-based platforms
Muscle contraction assay
References