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Divided into two parts, this book discusses various aspects of bone SPECT/CT of ankle and foot.The first part is dedicated to foot and ankle pathology and concisely presents those disorders most frequently detected with a bone scan. The authors also describe common pathologies that cannot be diagnosed with bone scans, such as Morton’s neuroma, but which nuclear physicians need to recognize. Orthopedic surgeons’ expectancies are highlighted and several bone scan studies of clinical interest are presented.The second part is devoted to anatomy: bones, articulations and all relevant anatomical structures that are necessary to interpret a bone scan of the ankle and foot are described by means of anatomical illustrations with captions.At the end of the last decade, hybrid scanners with the ability to acquire single-photon emission computed tomoscintigraphy (SPECT) and multislice CT data simultaneously were introduced, thus opening a wide range of perspectives for nuclear physicians. Like their radiologist colleagues in the early 1990s, nuclear physicians have discovered pathologies that they were unaware of and have visualized increased tracer uptakes that they were previously unable to detect. This book, written by nuclear physicians and orthopedic surgeons specialized in the foot and ankle, will increase understanding of this whole new semiology.The internationally recognized Terminologia Anatomica has been used for the nomenclature of anatomical structures.
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Pathology
Orthopedics
Lateral Ankle Sprain
Fractures
Stress Fractures
Stress Fractures: Common Localization
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus (OLT) (aka Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Talus or Talar Osteochondral Lesion)
Anterior Ankle Impingement
Anterolateral Ankle Impingement
Posterior Ankle Impingement
Tarsal Coalition
Osteochondrosis and Osteochondritis
Hallux Valgus
Metatarsalgia
Hallux Sesamoid Disorders
Morton’s Neuroma
Tendon Disease
Anterior Ankle Tendon Group
Medial Ankle Tendon Group
Lateral Ankle Tendon Group
Posterior Ankle Tendon Group
Plantar Talalgia
Bone Tumors of the Ankle and Foot
Pseudarthrosis (Nonunion)
Osteoarticular Infections of the Foot (Excluding Diabetic Foot)
Acute Osteomyelitis [21, 54]
Subacute Osteomyelitis (Brodie Abscess) [21, 54, 55]
Chronic Osteomyelitis [21, 56]
Acute Septic Arthritis [21]
Post-operative Infection with Orthopedic Material [21]
Rheumatology
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis of the Foot: Common Localization
Primary Osteoarthritis (Fig. 3, Table 2)
Secondary Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Psoriatic Arthritis
Diabetic Foot: Diabetic Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy (Diabetic NOA, aka Charcot Foot, Charcot Neuroarthropathy)
Diabetic Foot: Osteomyelitis
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome I (CRPS I, aka Algodystrophia, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome)
Gout
Anatomy
Anatomy
Bones: Structure (Fig. 1)
Bones: Shape (Fig. 2)
Bones: Formation (Fig. 3)
Bones: Remodeling
Ossification Centers of the Ankle (Figs. 4 and 5)
Ossification Centers of the Foot (Figs. 6 and 7)
Synovial Joint: General Information (Figs. 8 and 9)
Tendons and Aponeuroses (Figs. 10, 11, and 12)
Ankle and Foot: General Information (Figs. 13, 14, and 15)
Tarsus (Figs. 16 and 17)
Talus (Figs. 18 and 19)
Calcaneus (Fig. 21)
Anterior Tarsus: Navicular, Cuboid, and Cuneiform (Fig. 23)
Metatarsals and Phalanges (Figs. 24 and 25)
Sesamoid Bones and Accessory Ossicles (Fig. 26)
Definition
Sesamoids
Accessory Ossicles
Inferior Tibiofibular Joint (or Tibiofibular Syndesmosis) (Figs. 27 and 28)
Ankle Joint (Fig. 29)
Subtalar Joint (Talocalcaneal Joint) (Fig. 30)
Transverse Tarsal Joint (Chopart Joint) (Figs. 31, 32, and 33)
Transverse Tarsal Joint (Figs. 34 and 35)
Anterior Tarsal Bone Joints and Tarsometatarsal Joints (Figs. 36 and 37)
Intermetatarsal, Metatarsophalangeal, and Interphalangeal Joints (Figs. 38 and 39)
Ligaments of the Ankle (Figs. 40 and 41)
Calcaneal Tendon and Plantar Aponeurosis (Fig. 42)
Tendinous Sheaths of the Ankle (Fig. 43)
Muscle and Ligament Insertions of the Foot, Dorsal View (Figs. 44 and 45)
Muscle and Ligament Insertions of the Foot, Plantar View (Figs. 46 and 47)
Muscle and Ligament Insertions of the Foot, Medial View (Figs. 48 and 49)
Muscle and Ligament Insertions of the Foot, Lateral View (Figs. 50 and 51)
Arch of the Foot and Points of Support (Figs. 52 and 53)
Movements of the Foot (Fig. 54)
Appendix
Biomaterials
Bone Grafts
Osteosynthesis
Articular Prostheses
Doing a Bone SPECT/CT
References
Index