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Some goods are freely traded as commodities without question or controversy. For other goods, their commodification – their being made available in exchange for money, or their being subject to market valuation and exchange – is hotly contested. “Contested” commodities range from labour and land, to votes, healthcare, and education, to human organs, gametes, and intimate services, to parks and emissions. But in the context of a market economy, what distinguishes these goods as non-commodifiable, or what defines them as contestable commodities? And why should their status as such justify restricting the market choices of rationally consenting parties to otherwise voluntary exchanges?
This volume draws together wide-ranging, interdisciplinary research on the legitimate scope of markets and the kinds of goods that should be exempt therefrom. In bringing diverse answers to this question together for the first time, it finally identifies commodification studies as a unique field of scholarly research in its own right. In so doing, it fosters interdisciplinary dialogue, advances scholarship, and enhances education in this controversial, important, and growing field of research. Contemporary theorists who examine this question do so from across the disciplinary spectrum and ground their answers in diverse scholarly literature and divergent methodological approaches. Their arguments will be of interest to scholars and students of philosophy, economics, law, political science, sociology, policy, feminist theory, and ecology, among others.
The contributors to this volume take diverse and divergent positions on the benefits of markets in general and on the possible harms of specific contested markets in particular. While some favour free markets and others regulation or prohibition, and while some engage in more normative and others in more empirical analysis, the contributors all advance nuanced and thoughtful arguments that engage deeply with the complex set of moral and empirical questions at the heart of commodification studies. This volume collects their new and provocative work together for the first time.
Preface / Margaret Jane Radin
Introduction: Contested markets and commodification studies / Vida Panitch and Elodie Bertrand
Part 1: Commodification studies: Past and Present
Commodification: The traditional pro-market arguments / Marie Daou and Alain Marciano
Classical anti-commodification arguments: Commodification and fictitious commodities – Polanyi’s decisive contribution / Nicolas Postel and Richard Sobel
Contemporary anti-commodification arguments: Market failures – Identifying contested markets without morals? An analysis of the externality argument for inalienability / Elodie Bertrand
Contemporary anti-commodification arguments: Corruption, inequality, and justice / Vida Panitch
Sociology of moral contestation of exchange institutions / Philippe Steiner
Part 2: A history of contested commodities
Land: Land as commodity — A history of a problem / Pierre Crétois
Usury and simony: Trading for no price – Thomas Aquinas on money loans, sacraments and exchange / Pierre Januard and André Lapidus
Labour: From disguised servitude to limited servitude — A history of the social incorporation of the commodification of work / François Vatin
Gambling: Using the market to regulate practices / Marie Trespeuch
Insurance / Emily Nacol
Part 3: Contested commodities and the state
Vote buying and campaign finance / Jason Brennan and Christopher Freiman
Health care / L. Chad Horne
Education: Commodification and schools / Harry Brighouse
Security and prisons / Jonathan Peterson
Cultural goods: Cultural commodification and cultural appropriation / Michael Joel Kessler
Care work: Revaluing care through partial decommodification — In praise of unpaid care from all / Jennifer Nedelsky
Part 4: The body and intimacy as contested commodities
Human organs / James Stacey Taylor
Blood and plasma: Or, if you’re such an altruist, why don’t you sell your plasma? / Peter M. Jaworski
Gametes: Commodification and the fertility industry / Kimberley D. Krawiec
Contract sex / Laurie J. Shrage
Surrogacy: The ethics of paid surrogacy / Stephen Wilkinson
Adoption: A mosaic of market and non-market elements / Martha M. Ertman
Part 5: Non-human nature and environment as contested commodities
Natural capital and biodiversity: Money, markets and offsets / John O’Neill
Emission trading: Commodification of pollution— From resistance to proliferation / Nathalie Berta
Ecosystems: Ecosystem services and the commodification of nature / Julia Martin-Ortega, Paula Novo, Erik Gomez-Baggethun, Roldan Muradian, Ciaran Harte, and M. Azahara Mesa-Jurado
Water: Distributive justice and the commodification of water / Adrian Walsh
Animals: Ending cruelty through markets / Aksel Braanen Sterri
Seed: Commodification, decommodification and commoning / Fabien Girard, Christine Frison, and Christine Noiville
Parks and forests: The question of the commons / Catherine Larrère
Index