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Silicon sensors have been one of the key detectors at the core of almost every high-energy physics experiment. In the past 30 years, silicon tracking systems have evolved from having a handful of electronic channels to the many millions present in the current detectors. In the past five years, the introduction of the low-gain avalanche diode design has opened up the possibility of using silicon sensors as precise time tagging detectors. Due to this innovation, silicon sensors have gone from being known for their poor temporal resolution to be the detector of choice in applications that require very precise time tagging. This design innovation has produced a radical change in the design of future silicon particle trackers and allowed the introduction of 4D-tracking: the capability of tracking particles in space and time. This book de scribes our current understanding of how silicon sensors for 4D-tracking should be designed, the experimental techniques to test them in the laboratory, and a review of the most important results.
Preface
Chapter 1 Operating Principles of Silicon Sensors
Chapter 2 Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors
Chapter 3 Numerical Modelling and Simulation
Chapter 4 Experimental Techniques
Chapter 5 Characterization of UFSDs
Chapter 6 Characterization of Irradiated UFSDs
Chapter 7 Sensors for Extreme Fluences
Appendix A Productions