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This book introduces the concept of approximate computing for software and hardware designs and its impact on the reliability of embedded systems. It presents approximate computing methods and proposes approximate fault tolerance techniques applied to programmable hardware and embedded software to provide reliability at low computational costs. The book also presents fault tolerance techniques based on approximate computing, thus presenting how approximate computing can be applied to safety-critical systems.
Acronyms
Motivation and Introduction
Embedded Systems and Approximation
Safety-critical Systems
Fault Tolerance
This Book
An Introduction to the Approximate Computing Paradigm
Quality Metrics
Approximation Methods
Types of Approximation
Technological Implementations
Radiation Effects and Evaluation Methodologies
Radiation Effects on Digital Devices
Radiation Environment
Radiation Effects
Single Event Effects (SEE)
Total Ionizing Dose (TID)
Displacement Damage (DD)
Radiation-Induced Soft Errors in Zynq- FPGA
Methodologies for Testing and Assessing Electronic and Computing Systems
Fault Tolerance Metrics
Onboard Fault Injection Emulation on FPGA
Onboard Fault Injection Emulation on Embedded Processor
Fault Injection Simulation
Laser Fault Injection
Fault Tolerance and Approximation in Practice
Embedded Systems Fault Tolerance
Fault Tolerance
Reliability of Parallel Embedded Software on Multicore Processors
Parallel Fault Tolerance
Approximate Computing and Fault Tolerance
Approximation Methods
Data Precision Reduction
Successive Approximation
Taylor Series Approximation
Approximate Fault Tolerance: Discussion and Motivations
Approximate Triple Modular Redundancy (ATMR)
Hardware ATMR Based on Data Precision Approximation
Software ATMR Based on Successive Approximation and Loop-Perforation
Parallel Software ATMR Based on Function Skipping
Parallel Approximate Error Detection (PAED)
Experimental Analysis and Discussion
Approximation Methods
Taylor Series Approximation
Successive Approximation and Loop-Perforation
Behavior and Application Evaluation on Operating Systems
Hardware ATMR
Random Accumulated Fault Injection
Exhaustive Fault Injection
Software ATMR
PAED
Final Conclusions and Remarks
Approximate Computing
Safety-Critical Systems, Reliability, and Approximate Fault Tolerance
Experimental Results