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Analysis of Flame Retardancy in Polymer Science is a scientific/practical book that is conceptualized, designed, and written for students, early-career researchers, and junior engineers to explain the basic principles of fire analysis/characterization methods/methodologies, from flammability, ignition, and fire spread to forced convection and related analyses and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying flame retardancy in both gas and condensed phases followed by correlation between laboratory- and real-scale fire analyses as well as fire analysis from an industrial standpoint. This book is also an indispensable resource for identifying and mounting the latest achievements in fire analysis/characterization methods to frame the effects of fire evaluation strategies to be utilized for research and development. The book also gives a broad description of fire analysis related to different standards and regulations for different applications in different geographic zones.
Fundamentals: Flammability, ignition, and fire spread in polymers
Introduction
Thermal transitions, thermoplasticity, and geometric effects
Fuel-forming reactions: Polymer pyrolysis and ignition
Oxidative degradation
Combustion and fire spread: Effect of incident heat flux
Flame retardance: Effect of flame retardants on ignition, combustion, and smoke generation
General appraisal of pyrolysis/ignition/burn versus reaction-to-fire test methodologies
Conclusions and future perspectives
Forced combustion: Cone calorimetry
Introduction
The forced-combustion environment
Additional instrumentation
Using the data
Conclusions
Microscale forced combustion: Pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC)
Introduction
PCFC description
Study of pyrolysis
Combustion
Prediction of flammability data
Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Evaluation of gas phase: Mechanisms and analyses
Introduction
Types of gas-phase mechanism
Common analytical tools for gas-phase mechanism evaluation
Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Evaluation of gas phase: Smoke and toxicity analysis
Introduction
Smoke contents
Analysis of smoke
Impacts of smoke
Conclusions and perspectives
Evaluation of condensed phase: Char/residue analysis
Introduction
Fundamentals of char and residue formation
Chemical characterization: Chemical composition
Microscopy: Morphology of the residue
Dynamics of char/residue formation
Conclusions and future trends
Analysis of fire resistance of materials
Introduction
Definitions and application of fire resistance
Material applications of fire resistance
Conventional approach of fire resistance
Performance approach
Conclusions and perspectives
Characterization of high-temperature polymers for extreme environments
Introduction
High-temperature polymers
Aerothermal ablation testing for high-temperature applications
Concluding remarks
Correlation between laboratory- and real-scale fire analyses
Introduction
Case study no. 1: Fire behavior of PMMA
Case study no. 2: Electric cable tray fires
Case study no. 3: Wildfires
Fire analysis tests from industrial point of view
Fundamental principles
Scenario-based approach
Building products
Cables
Electrotechnical products
Others
Transportation
Conclusions and perspectives